Green hydrogen, made by electrolysis of water driven by renewable energy resources, is being considered to be a crucial factor to help achieve deep decarbonization of energy systems as well as industries that are difficult to discuss. This article offers a thorough and comprehensive review of green hydrogen technology that examine their fundamental concepts as well as production routes and their current levels of maturation. The article outlines the differences between the conventional hydrogen production processes that are still heavily driven by fossil fuels and the emergence of low-carbon alternatives that rely upon renewable energy. Special attention is paid to electrolysis techniques, such as proton exchange membranes, alkaline as well as high-temperature systems and also to other methods in the process of development, including photoelectrochemical conversion and biomass conversion. The state of the global green hydrogen sector is investigated through large-scale projects, which reveal an explosive growth in capacity due to favorable renewable sources including solar and wind energy. Despite this rapid expansion, many challenges remain including the cost of production infrastructure needs, intermittent availability of renewable energy sources, and regulatory limitations. The paper wraps up by discussing future developments prospects and highlighting the crucial role played by green hydrogen to support the carbon neutrality goals and energy security as well as the shift towards the sustainable and sustainable low-carbon economy.
Mousabah et al. (2026) studied this question.