The EU’s green transition : evaluating progress and challenges in sustainability and energy governance

This paper evaluates the EU’s progress toward sustainability under the Green Deal, focusing on four key indicators: renewable energy, energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, and circular economy performance. Using a mixedmethod approach, it analyses data from 2019 onward. Findings show increased renewable energy use (24.5% in 2023), persistent energy efficiency gains, and a 30% drop in emissions since 1990. While recycling rates are high, waste generation remains a challenge. The study highlights the role of EU policies such as Fit for 55 and REPowerEU strategies, concluding that deeper efforts are needed to meet its 2030 and 2050 climate targets.