What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to evaluate the carbon footprint associated with the decentralized manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

February 8, 2026Open Access

A perspective on carbon footprint of decentralized manufacturing of lithium-ion cells industrialization

Key Points

The research aims to evaluate the carbon footprint associated with the decentralized manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
Assessed carbon emissions for different types of LIBs: LFP, NMC811, and NMC622.
Discussed various stages of sustainable manufacturing processes.
Investigated the impact of decentralized manufacturing on carbon footprint in various geographic areas.
LFP cells have a carbon footprint of approximately 152 kg CO2 eq/kWh.
NMC811 cells generate about 205 kg CO2 eq/kWh.
NMC622 cells produce roughly 202 kg CO2 eq/kWh.
Expectations of a 6%–7% reduction in overall emissions by 2030 across all production steps.

Abstract

Lithium-ion cells are in high demand worldwide due to the rise in EVs, green energy storage, and consumer electronic devices. Establishing a decentralized manufacturing ecosystem for LIB cells is essential as local public and private firms strive to become major participants in this sector. This research article focuses on the carbon footprint of producing current lithium-ion batteries (LIBs; LFP ̴152 kgCO 2 eq/kWh, NMC811 ̴ 205 kgCO 2 eq/kWh and NMC622 ̴202 kgCO 2 eq/kWh, respectively), discusses on different stage of sustainable manufacturing ecosystem, and investigates the carbon footprint dependency on decentralized manufacturing in any geographic area. As a result of this the overall emissions generated across all production steps of lithium-ion cells may be expected to reduce about 6%–7% by 2030.

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