Arctic Geopolitics: Is a New "Polar Heartland" Emerging? Analyzing Whether Arctic Militarization, Resources, and Shipping Lanes Constitute a Modern Heartland Zone

Abstract The theory of Halford Mackinder that Eurasia’s inland area would be the geographical focal point of the world system has primarily been concerned with the ability of nations to secure resources and access via land. However, this review paper will investigate if, due to the effects of climate change causing melting ice caps, the Arctic region may evolve into a “polar heartland” through increasing militarization, significant natural resource endowments, and new shipping routes. Using research papers and academic articles, this study will use the current state of affairs in the Arctic to identify key players including Russia, the U.S., and China to evaluate the extent to which the dynamics of the Arctic (including the NSR and extraction of natural resources) are consistent or inconsistent with what were defined as the characteristics of a heartland by Mackinder. Ultimately, the results of this study illustrate a hybrid space; one that combines the Heartland model of resilience with maritime accessibility as a result of competing interests of multiple powers and environmental factors. The study also identified limitations in using Mackinder’s original model to describe a polar and competitive environment and while there are limitations to the application of his model, the study did indicate that an emergence of a new strategic pivot is taking place. In conclusion, the Arctic’s politics signify a potential re-arrangement of global power; therefore, a sustainable form of governance needs to be established to avoid conflict.