Indian women have played a decisive yet often under-recognized role in shaping social reform movements in India from the nineteenth century to the contemporary period. Although early reform initiatives emerged within colonial constraints and male-dominated reformist frameworks, women reformers progressively transformed these movements by asserting agency, redefining notions of social justice, and extending reform agendas beyond elite concerns. This paper examines the historical evolution, ideological foundations, and institutional pathways through which Indian women contributed to social reform, with particular attention to education, the abolition of oppressive customs, legal reform, nationalist mobilization, and post-independence feminist activism. Employing a qualitative historical-analytical methodology grounded in secondary sources, the study synthesizes existing scholarship to trace continuities and transformations in women's reformist engagement across different historical phases. The findings reveal a significant shift in women's participation from symbolic representation to leadership and agenda-setting roles, accompanied by an increasing focus on intersectional issues related to caste, class, gender, and minority rights. The paper argues that Indian women were not merely beneficiaries of social reform but central architects of social transformation. By integrating colonial and postcolonial perspectives, the study contributes to feminist historiography and social movement scholarship, underscoring the enduring influence of women in India's social reform trajectory.
Singh et al. (Thu,) studied this question.