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February 12, 2026

Unveiling the chemical composition and biological potential of essential oils from distinct parts of Solidago virgaurea L. from Western Himalayas

Key Points

The study aims to investigate the chemical composition and biological potential of essential oils from various parts of Solidago virgaurea.
Essential oils were isolated using hydrodistillation method.
Chemical composition was analyzed using GC-FID/GC-MS metabolite profiling.
Antimicrobial activity was assessed through disc diffusion and MIC assays.
Antioxidant activity was measured using IC50 values for ABTS and DPPH.
Essential oil yield ranged from 0.15% to 1.1%, highest in flowers.
Alpha-pinene, limonene, and germacrene D were the major constituents in flower oils.
Flower essential oil showed the highest antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus with a 24.33 mm inhibition zone.
Leaf essential oil demonstrated strong antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 18.98 μg/mL (ABTS) and 6.59 μg/mL (DPPH).
MAPK1 was identified as a key target with a pharmacological score of 20.

Abstract

This research centred on investigation of chemical composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant potential of essential oil from various parts of Solidago virgaurea L. Essential oils (EOs) were isolated using hydrodistillation method. The yield variation observed in EO were (0.15%-1.1% v/w) highest in flowers (1.1%). GC-FID/GC-MS based metabolite profiling had shown overall 32 metabolites, including monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Major constituents in flowers were α-pinene (33.43 ± 0.13%), limonene (19.33 ± 0.08%), germacrene D (16.48 ± 0.21%), and sabinene (3.72 ± 0.0%). The antibacterial activity, determined through disc diffusion, and MIC assays, flowers EO exhibiting the highest inhibition zone (24.33 ± 1.7 mm) against Micrococcus luteus MTCC 2470, while the leaves EO had the lowest MIC (2.5% v/v) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2453. whereas, EO from leaves showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 ABTS = 18.98 ± 0.08 μg/mL and IC50 DPPH = 6.59 ± 0.03 μg/mL). Network pharmacological analysis also revealed MAPK1 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1) exhibited the highest score of 20.

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