This is Part 4/5 of the "Philosophy of Science Series: Natural Human Philosophy" (a 5-part series integrating natural science—neuroscience, evolutionary biology, archaeology, ecology, and genetics—to resolve longstanding philosophical questions about human nature, ethics, existence, and purpose). Title: Deriving and Reinterpreting Major Philosophical Questions within the Framework of Natural Human Philosophy Abstract: Philosophy’s two-millennia fragmentation across ontology, epistemology, ethics, and meaning reflects absence of unified, empirically grounded framework. Natural Human Philosophy (NHP) resolves this through a framework built on three empirical cornerstones: Human Transgression (partial escape from ecosystem and genetic constraints), Third Nature (cognitive capacities beyond survival/reproduction), and Cultural Cloud (cumulative culture via blind mechanisms). These cornerstones establish that transgressed humans manifest as superposition of biological nature and culture, with individuals existing in dynamic superposition states. Interaction between superposed humans and Cultural Cloud drives history. Within this Human Superposition-Cultural Cloud framework, we derive answers to major philosophical questions. Ontology reduces to sustainable existence within constraint space determined by superposition dynamics. Epistemology becomes evolved cognition navigating superposition states. Ethics emerges as conformity to principle-derived ought across six levels. Meaning crystallizes as transcendent pursuit of harmony from individual through biosphere—humanity’s ultimate aspiration arising naturally from Third Nature within superposition framework. We address persistent confusions (social Darwinism as category error, civilization collapse as blind mechanism consequence, universal values’ scientific foundation, AI ethics) and demonstrate NHP’s explanatory comprehensiveness. This represents humanity’s first complete philosophical system constructed largely within natural science paradigm. Building on the foundations of Natural Human Philosophy (NHP) established in Parts 1–3—Human Transgression creating normative space, Third Nature enabling desires beyond survival/reproduction, Cultural Cloud's blind mechanisms, and the six-level hierarchy for defining good and evil—this paper derives and reinterprets major philosophical questions through an empirical, scientific lens. Traditional philosophy's speculative approaches have yielded persistent divisions on core issues (e. g. , free will vs. determinism, mind-body problem, moral realism, meaning of life, justice, purpose). NHP resolves these by grounding them in evolutionary mechanisms and normative space: free will emerges as agency within transgression-enabled choice; mind-body as integrated neurobiological processes; moral realism as measurable alignment across the six-level hierarchy; meaning as fulfillment of Third Nature drives; justice as biosphere/species/superpower sustainability. The paper systematically reinterprets key thinkers (Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche, Rawls, etc. ) and dilemmas (trolley problem, veil of ignorance, existential angst) within NHP's falsifiable framework, demonstrating progressive convergence rather than endless debate. It shows how NHP transforms philosophy from stagnant speculation into a cumulative, evidence-based discipline aligned with natural laws. This preprint advances the NHP paradigm: major philosophical questions become testable hypotheses within natural science, paving the way for Part 5's unification of social sciences and humanities. Supplementary materials: - Reinterpretation tables, diagrams, and supporting evidence from multidisciplinary fields (included in this upload) - External anonymous peer review excerpt for the series (provided in separate supplementary file; full version at SSRN link below) Keywords: philosophy of science, natural human philosophy, NHP, philosophical reinterpretation, free will, mind-body problem, moral realism, meaning of life, justice, six-level hierarchy, human transgression, third nature, cultural cloud, Ernst Mayr, Edward O. Wilson Related resources: - This is Part 4/5 of a 5-part series. - See Part 1 at https: //doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 18664608 - See Part 2 at https: //doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 18661924 - See Part 3 at https: //doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 18664797 - See Part 5 at https: //doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 18664950- External peer review commentary on the series: https: //papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm? abstractᵢd=6214758 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International (CC BY 4. 0) Version: 1. 0 (February 2026)
Yuan et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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