What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to explore the relationship between horizontal phoria, age, and sex.

February 19, 2026

Horizontal Phoria as Related to Age and Sex

Key Points

The research aims to explore the relationship between horizontal phoria, age, and sex.
Administered distance phoria tests using modified Thorington apparatus and red Maddox rod
Involved over 17,000 subjects aged 16 to 92 from both sexes
Conducted statistical analysis to examine trends in phoria related to age and sex
Found a slight but statistically significant trend toward exophoria with increasing age
Observed that the trend is more pronounced in women than in men
Noted inconsistency in the trend across different age groups

Abstract

ABSTRACT As part of a large‐scale research project investigating the relationships between vision and driving. over 17.000 subjects, of both sexes and ranging in age from 16 to 92, were administered a distance phoria test utilizing a modified Thorington apparatus and red Maddox rod. Analysis of the resultant data reveals a slight but statistically significant trend toward exophoria with increasing age; however, this trend is not a consistent one, and is more pronounced for women than it is for men. These findings are discussed and compared with the results of previous studies.

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