Audio Ternary Watermarking

In this paper, we examine an approach to protecting audio files using watermarking techniques. It is possible for humans to recognize watermarks even when they are heavily distorted. The process begins with a well-known song or image, which is used to create the watermark. We applied ternary coding to both images and sounds, which produces a more compact watermark. This results in a more secure protection method, as the embedded watermark can endure stronger attacks. We modified traditional techniques such as echo insertion and amplitude modulation, adapting them to work with ternary symbols and B-splines to embed watermarks into audio files. Experimental studies were conducted to assess the method’s resistance to various attack types. Both scenarios were considered: one where the original file is required for detection (non-blind watermarking) and one where it is not needed (blind watermarking).