Prometheus unbound? Oceanic affectivity and the neuropsychodynamics of addiction

Altered states of consciousness range from psychotic disintegration to mystical union, with oceanic affectivity - experiences of ego dissolution, boundlessness, and affective merging - constituting a central feature. While such states can be induced by psychedelics, they also occur through trauma, meditative practices, or within compulsive addictive cycles. In addition, oceanic states may offer temporary relief from psychic pain but often reinforce a regressive return to early undifferentiated states of self, bypassing affect and symbolic integration and adaptive regulation. From a neuropsychodynamic perspective, this dynamic reflects both a defense against and a longing for psychic wholeness. In that sense, addiction may function as a failed form of transcendence - an attempt to escape internal fragmentation through altered consciousness. Drawing on the myth of Prometheus, it is proposed that the repeated self-harming cycle of addiction resembles the eternal devouring of the liver: a neurobiological and symbolic site of both detoxification and self-destruction. Neuroscientifically, such states are associated with alterations in the default mode network, limbic dysregulation, reduced top-down control, and increased neural entropy. These changes may loosen rigid ego structures and facilitate the emergence of unconscious material, including early affective and relational imprints. This paper integrates psychodynamic theory with current neuroscientific findings to conceptualize addiction not merely as a maladaptive behavior but as a neuropsychodynamic attempt to restore lost internal cohesion. Understanding oceanic states as transitional phenomena at the boundary between breakdown and transformation offers a more nuanced approach to the addictive process and its therapeutic implications.