Isolation, Identification, and Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Fungal Strains and Their Secondary Metabolites Against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract The fall aِrmyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), causes significant yield losses due to its high fecundity, broad host range, defoliation capability, and voracious larval feeding. Biological control using microorganisms has gained attention as a sustainable alternative to chemical pest management. Entomopathogenic fungi employ distinct modes of action and produce secondary metabolites with insecticidal properties. This study aimed to isolate and identify indigenous entomopathogenic fungal species and evaluate their pathogenicity against S. frugiperda . Three isolates belonging to the division Ascomycota were recovered from soil samples and identified as Botryotrichum domesticum isolate MP3H-5, Albifimbria verrucaria isolate E16, and Purpureocillium lilacinum isolate WARSO2 6 8. When applied at a concentration of 1 × 10 9 conidia mL⁻ 1 , the fungal isolates induced significant cumulative mortality (60 to 84.44%) in S. frugiperda larvae at 14 days post-treatment. Albifimbria verrucaria was the most virulent, exhibiting the lowest LC 50 (2 × 10 7 conidia mL⁻ 1 ) and LT 50 (0.46 days). At a lower concentration of 1 × 10 7 conidia mL⁻ 1 , the P. lilacinum isolate caused the highest pupal mortality (80%) at 7 days post-treatment. Crude fungal metabolites also demonstrated larvicidal activity, resulting in cumulative mortality rates of up to 50%. Furthermore, larvae treated with the entomopathogenic fungi showed elevated catalase activity. The high toxicity observed is likely associated with fungal secondary metabolites, which were characterized using GC-MS analysis. Under laboratory conditions, the tested entomopathogenic fungal isolates demonstrated strong potential as microbial agents for the control of S. frugiperda . However, further field-based validation is necessary to confirm their efficacy.