Biodiversity, ecological roles, and ancestral and agroforestry uses of the genus Agave in Mexico: a review

Abstract This review comprehensively examines and synthesizes the current state of knowledge regarding the multifaceted significance of Agave species in Mexico, with a specific focus on three core areas: their remarkable biodiversity, their extensive ancestral and traditional uses, and their critical ecological roles. The genus comprises approximately 200 succulent species, with Mexico serving as its centre of diversity, hosting numerous endemic species. These plants exhibit remarkable adaptations, including crassulacean acid metabolism, which enables exceptional drought tolerance and efficient carbon sequestration, positioning them as vital allies in climate change mitigation. Historically, agaves have been integral to Mesoamerican civilisations, serving as sources of food, fibre and fermented beverages. Their role extended to sacred rituals and agricultural systems, where they stabilised soils, reduced erosion and enhanced water retention in arid landscapes. Traditional agroforestry systems integrated agaves with staple crops and fruit trees, optimising land productivity while preserving biodiversity. Ecologically, agaves support complex trophic networks, sustaining diverse pollinator species, including bats, hummingbirds and moths. Their inflorescences provide critical nectar resources, while their biomass supports various insects traditionally used as human food sources. However, anthropogenic pressures threaten these interactions. By synthesizing findings across these interconnected themes–biodiversity, traditional knowledge, and ecosystem function – this review underscores the urgency of multidisciplinary approaches to safeguard agave biodiversity, promote responsible cultivation, and honour its biocultural legacy for future generations.