Informational Gravity II: Black Holes as Boundaries of Causal Structure

We apply the Informational Gravity framework (Paper I) to black hole physics. The framework defines spatial distance through bidirectional causal connectivity in a discrete network whose nodes are units of informationally bound energy. The event horizon — where outward-directed causal signals cannot propagate — is the surface where bidirectional connectivity fails. Spatial distance, as defined by the framework, ceases to exist at this boundary. The horizon is therefore not the entrance to an interior region but the edge of the causal network: a local boundary of spacetime. This single conclusion — no spatial interior — yields a coherent reinterpretation of black hole thermodynamics, the singularity problem, Hawking radiation, the information paradox, and merger dynamics. Bekenstein-Hawking entropy scales with area because there is no volume to contribute degrees of freedom. The singularity is structurally absent: with no spatial interior, there is no location for it to occupy. Hawking radiation is boundary emission, consistent with Hawking's original derivation (already a boundary process) rather than the pair-creation heuristic. Information is naturally preserved — it was never lost to an interior — and the qualitative Page curve follows from the shrinking boundary. A network gradient principle unifies black hole thermodynamics with the Gibbons-Hawking temperature of the cosmological horizon, connecting to the vacuum energy estimate of Paper I. These conclusions converge with those of the fuzzball programme, the firewall argument, loop quantum gravity, and the causal connectability programme of Leutheusser and Liu — arrived at from independent premises and without the formal machinery of those approaches. The framework is consistent with all of General Relativity's empirically confirmed predictions in the domains where both are applicable; it departs only where GR's predictions are not observationally accessible. Level 3 predictions — ringdown quasi-normal mode deviations, black hole echoes, and photon ring fine structure — are linked to the coupling parameter α from Paper I and cross-constrained with laboratory BEC experiments.