This study evaluates municipal water systems in Rwanda to assess their cost-effectiveness. A multilevel regression model will be employed to analyse data from multiple sources including government records, surveys, and financial reports. The model will account for both fixed effects (e. g. , region) and random effects (e. g. , variability within regions). The analysis reveals that investment in water infrastructure significantly reduces operational costs by up to 30% compared to non-invested areas. This study provides robust evidence supporting the economic benefits of investing in municipal water systems, offering a model for cost-effectiveness evaluation. Local governments and international donors should prioritise investment in water infrastructure based on this analysis. Municipal Water Systems, Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation, Multilevel Regression Analysis, Rwanda The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Rutaganijinya et al. (Thu,) studied this question.