What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to address the computational challenges of simulating U(1) gauge fields coupled to fermions, particularly in the context of Dirac spin liquids.

February 26, 2026Open Access

Scalable hybrid quantum Monte Carlo simulation of U (1) gauge field coupled to fermions on GPU

Key Points

The aim is to address the computational challenges of simulating U(1) gauge fields coupled to fermions, particularly in the context of Dirac spin liquids.
Developed a GPU-accelerated hybrid quantum Monte Carlo algorithm
Implemented technical improvements to reduce computational complexity
Scaled simulations to a larger size than previously possible
Observed asymptotic convergence of fermion bilinear correlator
Measured the scaling dimensions of correlators in agreement with field theory predictions
Supported the conformal nature of the Dirac spin liquid

Abstract

The problem of a U(1) U ( 1 ) gauge field coupled to fermions in (2+1) dimensions is of fundamental importance, as it is believed to give rise to U(1) U ( 1 ) Dirac spin liquid (DSL) state in quantum magnets and the strongly coupled conformal field theory in quantum electrodynamics. However, numerical progress has long been hampered by the steep computational cost of traditional determinant quantum Monte Carlo (QMC). Here, we develop a GPU-accelerated hybrid QMC algorithm assisted with several novel technical improvements, which significantly reduces the complexity to be linear with respect to space-time volume, and scales the simulation up to an unprecedented size. At this scale, we observe asymptotic convergence of fermion bilinear correlator and conserved current correlator, which was unclear previously, and find their scaling dimensions in good agreement with field theory, which supports the conformal nature of the Dirac spin liquid. Our advances establish a scalable framework to study DSL physics and its transitions at larger scales.

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