Smallholder farming systems in Senegal are a critical component of the country's agricultural economy, yet their performance and impact on health outcomes remain poorly understood. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative analyses was employed. Panel data were collected from 120 smallholder farms over three consecutive years, using a structured questionnaire for clinical outcome measurement alongside socio-economic indicators. The panel-data analysis revealed significant correlations between farm management practices and the incidence of malnutrition among children under five (OR = 1.5, CI: 1.3-1.8). This study underscores the importance of integrating clinical outcome measurement into smallholder farming systems for comprehensive agricultural development evaluations. Future research should explore these findings in broader regional contexts and consider implementing targeted interventions to mitigate health risks associated with farm practices. Smallholder farming, panel data analysis, clinical outcomes, Senegal, mixed-methods approach
Abdoulaye Touré (Fri,) studied this question.