IOT Based Smart Agricultural System

Agricultural water management faces critical chal- lenges as freshwater scarcity intensifies globally while crop pro- duction demands increase. Traditional irrigation practices based on fixed schedules or manual assessment result in substantial water wastage, contributing to resource depletion and increased operational costs. This paper presents an IoT-enabled smart irrigation system that automates water delivery through real- time soil moisture monitoring and threshold-based control. The system employs a resistive soil moisture sensor interfaced with an ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller to continuously monitor substrate hydration levels, automatically activating irrigation when moisture falls below predetermined thresholds and ter- minating delivery upon reaching optimal saturation. Integration with the Blynk cloud platform enables remote monitoring via mobile dashboard, displaying real-time moisture percentages, pump operational status, and historical trends. An electromag- netic relay provides electrical isolation between control logic and high-power pump circuits, while a 16×2 LCD display offers local visual feedback. Field evaluation demonstrates 57% water consumption reduction compared to schedule-based irrigation while maintaining equivalent crop health. This cost-effective solution (total component cost under 75) addresses the urgent need for precision agriculture technologies accessible to small- scale farmers and domestic gardeners, contributing to sustainable water resource management.