A Review on Psoriasis- Symptoms, Types and Treatment

Psoriasis is a chronic dermatological disorder in which the skin cells proliferate nearly ten times faster than normal due to immune system dysregulation. It is characterized by papules and plaques of varying morphology, distribution, and severity. The lesions are typically well-demarcated, circular, erythematous papules or plaques covered with dry, grayish or silvery-white scales. They commonly appear symmetrically on the scalp, elbows, knees, lumbosacral region, and flexural areas. Red, itchy, scaly plaques are among the most frequent clinical features. Guttate psoriasis, which often begins in childhood or early adulthood, presents as multiple small, bright red, smooth lesions that may have minimal scaling. The underlying pathophysiology involves hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes, accompanied by inflammation and immune system alterations within the skin. Psoriasis tends to have a familial predisposition, although it may skip generations. Since immune dysfunction plays a central role, triggers such as cold and dry weather, as well as psychological stress, can exacerbate symptoms. Although there is no definitive cure for psoriasis, available treatments can substantially reduce symptoms, even in severe cases. The therapeutic regimen is individualized based on factors such as the extent and location of lesions, patient age, and overall health status. Commonly prescribed treatments include topical retinoids and corticosteroids in the form of creams, ointments, or gels. In addition, several systemic and advanced therapeutic options are available for patients with moderate to severe disease.