Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Pyrazole-Based Scaffolds in Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Progress and SAR Insights

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and degenerative neurological disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is also characterized by motor symptoms, including trembling, muscle rigidity, and slow movement, along with non-motor symptoms that adversely affect the quality of life. Although much progress has been made in the field of medicine, there is no current cure for Parkinson's, and the available treatments are mainly comforting. This has, in turn, led to the development of new therapeutic approaches, including the application of small molecules with multiple pharmacological actions. Among them, pyrazole derivatives have been considered as potential drug candidates owing to their extensible structure and the ability to bind to different proteins and enzymes. These molecules have been found to positively influence oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and other pathological processes that are associated with the pathogenesis of PD. Recent developments in the synthesis of pyrazole derivatives have shown that small changes in the pyrazole ring can lead to important improvements in the activity and selectivity of the molecules. This review aims to highlight the current state of the art in the application of pyrazole derivatives for the treatment of PD. It outlines their ability to offer neuroprotection, improve symptoms, and manage the multifaceted nature of the disease. To achieve this, this paper presents new findings and focuses on the structure-activity relationships of these compounds. The information provided in this review is expected to help stimulate more research and development of better treatment options for PD.