Urethral stricture disease remains a challenging clinical entity within contemporary urology, requiring interventions that achieve sustained urethral patency while preserving functional outcomes. Established modalities such as urethral dilation, endoscopic urethrotomy, and urethroplasty using autologous grafts provide effective treatment for many patients. However, they are constrained by morbidity, graft contraction, and suboptimal success in complex or recurrent strictures. These inherent limitations have stimulated growing investigation of therapeutic strategies. Among device-based innovations, drug-coated balloon dilation, exemplified by the Optilume™, combines mechanical expansion with localized antiproliferative drug delivery and represents a significant evolution in endoscopic management. Pharmacologic adjuncts such as intralesional corticosteroids, mitomycin C, and hyaluronidase are already in clinical use to extend stricture-free intervals. Some emerging biologic strategies, including platelet-rich plasma, mesenchymal stem cells, and experimental inhibition of tyrosine kinase or YAP/TAZ signaling, represent prospective avenues for targeted antifibrotic therapy that remain largely in early translational stages. Parallel advances in regenerative medicine offer the potential for anatomically and functionally restorative repair. Bioengineered urethral grafts and 3D bio-printed constructs are designed to recapitulate native tissue architecture and support host cellular integration, providing patient-specific solutions that obviate the morbidity of autologous harvest. Preclinical and early clinical studies are reviewed with particular attention to scaffold composition, bioink formulation, and strategies to enhance vascularization and long-term functionality. This review aims to present these emerging approaches within the broader framework of contemporary urethral reconstruction, highlighting ongoing clinical trials and delineating the scientific, regulatory, and manufacturing challenges that must be addressed to facilitate their translation into routine clinical practice.
Fazaa et al. (Thu,) studied this question.