What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to investigate the performance and emissions of a unique biodiesel blend from Azolla pinnata.

March 4, 2026Open Access

Performance and Emission Evaluation of Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel Derived from Azolla pinnata Blended with Butanol and TiO₂ Nanoparticles

Key Points

This research aims to investigate the performance and emissions of a unique biodiesel blend from Azolla pinnata.
Synthesis of biodiesel via transesterification of Azolla pinnata
Preparation of biodiesel blends with butanol and varying concentrations of TiO₂
Testing blends in a single-cylinder variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine
Measurement of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature, and emission characteristics
TiO₂ addition improved combustion efficiency significantly
B20But30TiO₂ (100 ppm) blend showed the best performance
Reduction in emissions of NOₓ, CO₂, and SOₓ noted in higher TiO₂ concentration blends

Abstract

To mitigate the growing environmental and energy crises, this study explores a novel alternative fuel composed of microalgae-derived biodiesel from Azolla pinnata, blended with butanol and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. Biodiesel was synthesized through transesterification and subsequently mixed to form B20But30 and B20But30TiO₂ blends with varying TiO₂ concentrations (25–100 ppm). The blends were tested in a single-cylinder VCR diesel engine to evaluate brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature, and emission characteristics. Results indicated that TiO₂ addition significantly enhanced combustion efficiency and reduced NOₓ, CO₂, and SOₓ emissions, with B20But30TiO₂ (100 ppm) achieving the best performance and emission profile.

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