Purpose: This study aims to analyze how environmental governance is integrated with economic policy in Makassar City and to assess the extent to which this integration contributes to the development of a green governance model. Specifically, the study examines institutional arrangements, policy coordination mechanisms, and stakeholder participation that shape the alignment between environmental sustainability objectives and local economic development agendas. Subjects and Methods: The study employed a qualitative case study approach focusing on Makassar City as a rapidly growing urban center in Indonesia. Data were collected over a four-month period through semi-structured interviews, policy document analysis, and limited field observations. A total of twenty-seven informants were purposively selected, including local government officials from environmental and economic planning agencies, representatives of the private sector, civil society organizations, and community leaders. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns related to policy integration, governance practices, and institutional dynamics, with triangulation applied to enhance analytical rigor. Results: The findings indicate that environmental considerations have been increasingly incorporated into economic policy discourse and planning instruments, particularly through sustainability-oriented programs and green economy narratives. However, practical integration remains partial and uneven, as economic growth imperatives continue to dominate policy implementation. Institutional fragmentation, limited inter-agency coordination, and varying levels of stakeholder engagement constrain the effectiveness of green governance initiatives. Interviews revealed that environmental policies exert greater influence when aligned with short-term economic benefits, while long-term ecological objectives often receive secondary attention. Conclusions: The study concludes that advancing a green governance model in Makassar City requires stronger institutional integration, enhanced cross-sectoral coordination, and more inclusive stakeholder participation. By highlighting the governance conditions that facilitate or hinder policy integration, this study contributes to the literature on urban environmental governance and offers policy-relevant insights for cities in the Global South seeking to balance economic development with environmental sustainability.
Sanjaya et al. (Thu,) studied this question.