Black Holes as Topological Winding Structures: An Exploratory Framework with Observational Constraints from EHT and LIGO

We present ATPEW (ALdon Theory of Primordial Energy Wave), an exploratory conceptual framework in which all physical objects are topological vortex configurations of a single complex scalar field Ψ = ÷exp(iθ), governed by the Lagrangian: ℒ = α(∂μÃ)² + βò(∂μθ)² − λÃ⁻² − μ²Ã² In this framework, a black hole is a spherically stratified structure — two concentric spheres of radii rcore and rph delimiting five functionally distinct zones — whose internal phase field carries a closed toroidal winding of number k. The hollow core of this structure, a wave vacuum where no stable frequency mode can form, lies beneath the Schwarzschild horizon when the winding number k exceeds the topological closure threshold kseuil = rs·√(2μ²/β). The event horizon is not a mathematical surface but a waveguide condition: modes with angular frequency ω > rs. The framework is confronted with two independent observational datasets. Analysis of 91,846 EHT visibility measurements of M87* (2018, 3 days, 4 frequency bands, 213–229 GHz, HOPS and CASA pipelines) yields a photon ring diameter of 41.1 μas, a +3.6% excess over the GR prediction of 39.7 μas, constraining β/(μ²·rs²) ≈ 0.056 (k=5). Analysis of raw LIGO GW150914 strain data (H1 detector, 4096 Hz, GWF binary format, zlib extraction) yields fQNM = 249 ± 7 Hz consistent with GR for Mfinal ≈ 68 M☉, with correction δf/f 3.6×10⁵⁷ (black hole formation). Three qualitatively distinct merger regimes are predicted depending on phase alignment. Hawking evaporation is reinterpreted as spontaneous quantum unraveling of the spiral tail, yielding TATPEW ∝ 1/M with the correct order of magnitude. Ten observational predictions distinguishable from GR are identified, testable by next-generation EHT, future LIGO catalogs, and next-generation gravitational wave detectors. Three explicit open mathematical problems are listed.