Preeclampsia: Contemporary Concepts in Pathophysiology, Risk Stratification, Prevention and Monitoring

Preeclampsia is a heterogeneous disorder affecting approximately 2–5% of pregnancies and remains a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Its clinical presentation ranges from mild, nearly asymptomatic forms to severe conditions progressing to eclampsia or HELLP syndrome. Despite significant advances in understanding its pathophysiology, preeclampsia continues to pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. In recent years, intensive research efforts have focused on developing comprehensive diagnostic criteria, identifying novel biomarkers, improving risk prediction models, and establishing effective preventive and monitoring strategies. However, expert opinions and clinical guidelines remain partially inconsistent. This review aims to summarize current global concepts regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk stratification, diagnosis, prevention, and monitoring of preeclampsia, with particular emphasis on emerging biomarkers and personalized approaches to patient care.