Off-grid Community Systems in Nigeria: A Panel Data Estimation for Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation

Off-grid community systems in Nigeria aim to provide sustainable energy solutions for rural areas without access to national electricity grids. A mixed-methods approach combining econometric analysis with qualitative field studies was employed. Panel data from multiple off-grid communities were used to estimate costs, benefits, and sustainability indicators. The estimated cost-effectiveness ratio varied significantly across different community settings, with some configurations showing a return on investment within 5 years, while others took up to 10 years or more. This study provides empirical evidence for the long-term viability of off-grid systems in Nigeria and highlights the importance of tailored system design based on local conditions. Policy recommendations include targeted subsidies for less cost-effective configurations to accelerate adoption, alongside continued research into community engagement strategies. Off-Grid Systems, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Panel Data Estimation, Sustainable Energy Solutions The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.