Equitable climate adaptation architecture in Lagos: integrating hybrid infrastructure and community initiative

Purpose This study advances architectural strategies for climate adaptation in Lagos, Nigeria, by integrating hybrid infrastructure with community-driven solutions to address flooding and sea-level rise. Design/methodology/approach Using qualitative analysis of three case studies, the Lagos Waterfront Redevelopment (state-led), Eko Atlantic City (privatised) and Makoko Floating School (community-focused), the study conducted stakeholder interviews, spatial analysis and policy review. The analysis was guided by theoretical insights from resilience theory, adaptive design and spatial justice to explore community-driven solutions in each case. Findings Findings reveal that governance models basically determine equity and architectural resilience. State-led and privatised models marginalise community input, prioritise grey infrastructure and exacerbate socio-spatial inequalities through displacement and exclusion. While the community-led model excels in cultural appropriateness and vernacular innovation, it suffers from a lack of institutional support and technical scaffolding, limiting its long-term resilience and scalability. Originality/value This study systematically compares how governance models affect architectural strategies employed for climate adaptation in the Global South. It provides an integrated framework for equitable resilience by combining the technical capacity of the state, the resources of partnerships and Indigenous knowledge of communities.