Blockchain and artificial intelligence in agriculture: Building resilient and sustainable food systems

Abstract This review explores the potential of blockchain technology and artificial intelligence (AI) to transform agricultural supply chains by improving traceability, accountability, and operational efficiency. Blockchain enables secure and tamper‐proof recording of transactions, thereby enhancing transparency and trust among stakeholders. In parallel, AI, supported by data analytics, machine learning, and the Internet of Things, facilitates predictive decision‐making and process optimization. When integrated, these technologies present opportunities to address long‐standing issues such as fraud, inefficiency, and lack of trust, while also promoting environmental sustainability by minimizing waste, reducing operational costs, and improving resource management. Enhanced transparency further strengthens consumer confidence in food systems, as customers can verify compliance with safety and sustainability standards. However, widespread adoption faces critical barriers, including high initial costs, evolving legislation, and concerns around data security and privacy. Despite these challenges, blockchain and AI hold considerable promise in reshaping agricultural supply chains into more resilient, reliable, and sustainable systems. The insights presented in this review is of particular value to policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers interested in technological innovations that support food security, sustainability, and global agricultural resilience.