Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a strategy that combines various pest control methods to reduce pesticide use and minimise environmental impact while maintaining crop yields. No empirical data are used; instead, we propose a conceptual model that examines factors influencing IPM adoption, such as farmer knowledge, access to resources, and socio-economic conditions. This study provides a comprehensive theoretical model for policymakers and agricultural extension workers aiming to promote sustainable IPM practices among smallholders in Zambia. Develop targeted training programmes for farmers that emphasise the benefits of IPM, including reduced costs and environmental protection, alongside practical guidance on implementation strategies.
Mulenga et al. (Sat,) studied this question.