What question did this study set out to answer?

This guideline aims to establish a systematic approach for evaluating the toxicity of disinfection by-products in various water sources.

March 12, 2026Open Access

SafeCREW Analytical Protocol #3 – Test protocol for effect-based in-vitro toxicity assessment of disinfection by-products

Key Points

This guideline aims to establish a systematic approach for evaluating the toxicity of disinfection by-products in various water sources.
Utilized human cell-based biological detection methods such as CALUX® assay.
Assessed multiple toxicity pathways including cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.
Examined the effects of disinfection by-products and related chemicals from water sources.
Identified significant impacts on key toxicity pathways due to disinfection by-products.
Demonstrated variations in toxicity based on different water sources and treatment methods.

Abstract

This guideline provides a procedure to evaluate a comprehensive panel of human cell-basedbiological detection methods (i.e. CALUX® assay) to assess the impact of disinfection by-products(DBPs), related chemicals and chemical mixtures on a range of key types of toxicity pathways (e.g.cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, endocrine effects, PAH, obesity and competition forTTR-thyroid hormone binding/PFAS-like toxic activities) in all kinds of waters such as a) in contact withpipe materials, b) treated ground- and river water from different drinking water treatment facilities.

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