AbstractAmmonia serves as a critical role player in global economy, contributing to economic growth through its crucial role in fertilizer manufacturing. It is a primary nitrogen source, which enhances crop yields but also poses significant environmental threats due to its synthetic nature. Excessive use of ammonia-based synthetic fertilizers leads to soil degradation, biodiversity loss and greenhouse gas emissions. In 2023, global ammonia production reached around 150 million metric tons, primarily using the traditional Haber-Bosch process of ammonia synthesis, which relies heavily on fossil fuels and contributes to a substantial carbon footprint. In response to these challenges, green ammonia has emerged as a sustainable alternative. Unlike conventional ammonia synthesis, green ammonia is produced through clean and renewable energy sources. Additionally, green urea, synthesized from green ammonia, represents a significant advancement in sustainable agriculture, contributing to carbon neutrality. The green ammonia market is poised for substantial growth, promising enhanced food security and reduced ecological impact. However, issues like high initial production costs along with significant capital investments required for renewable energy infrastructure are major concerns in green ammonia production technology. This review explores the potential of the green pathway of ammonia synthesis, highlighting its role in decarbonizing fertilizer production and its advantages over traditional processes, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved economic viability.
Ahire et al. (Wed,) studied this question.