Enterprise development in Ghana has been persistently hampered by deep-seated structural constraints and governance deficits. Despite policy initiatives, the interplay between institutional weaknesses, capital access limitations, and infrastructural gaps continues to stifle sustainable growth. This perspective piece critically analyses the evolution of these impediments, aiming to synthesise their compounded impact on business scalability and to propose a forward-looking framework for institutional reform. The analysis employs a longitudinal, multi-level perspective, integrating macroeconomic data, institutional analysis, and sectoral case studies to construct a holistic critique of the business environment. A central finding is the disproportionate burden of informal financing, which constitutes an estimated 60-70% of business capital for small and medium enterprises, exacerbating vulnerability to economic shocks. Governance failures in property rights enforcement are identified as a critical bottleneck. The trajectory of enterprise development remains suboptimal, constrained by a self-reinforcing cycle of institutional fragility and resource misallocation that existing interventions have failed to disrupt. Prioritise the digitisation and integration of land registries to secure property rights, and establish a public-private governance council to oversee the implementation of business climate reforms with transparent metrics. structural constraints, governance, enterprise development, institutional economics, business environment, access to finance This paper provides a novel synthesis by framing Ghana's business climate challenges through the lens of institutional path dependency, introducing a diagnostic framework that links specific governance deficits to stages of enterprise growth.
Asante et al. (Wed,) studied this question.