Institutionalisation of Monitoring and Evaluation Systems and Programmatic Performance of Public Health NGOs in Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Analytical Study

Background: This study examined the influence of M 0.001), confirming that effective M 0.001) was found between M 0.001), explaining 55.8% of variance (R² = 0.558), while implementation challenges were not statistically significant predictors (p = 0.054). Regression results further showed that sex, organisational role, and NGO type significantly predicted perceived performance, with national NGOs and senior staff reporting lower ratings than international NGOs and operational staff. Conclusions: The study concluded that effective M&E systems serve as vital management tools that drive efficiency, innovation, and strategic learning within public health NGOs. It recommends strengthening technical capacity, aligning donor reporting frameworks with learning objectives, and leveraging digital technologies to enhance data quality and timeliness. The study contributes to knowledge by repositioning M&E from a donor compliance requirement to a strategic business management function essential for improving accountability, sustainability, and organisational performance in the Nigerian NGO sector.