A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pharmacological and Physical Interventions Directed at the Injection Site for Reducing Distress during Vaccine Injections

Key Points

• To evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacological and physical interventions at the injection site for reducing distress during vaccine injections.
• Conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis
• Assessed various interventions including pharmacological agents and physical techniques
• Collected evidence across different age groups for comprehensive analysis.
• Topical anesthetics were identified as a preferred intervention for distress reduction
• Manual skin tapping was noted as another effective technique
• Findings suggest a need to align interventions with vaccine recipient preferences.