Urban arboviruses such as Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and Chikungunya (CHIKV) are an epidemiological challenge in Brazil, since they are influenced by ecological, immunological, and health surveillance factors. The study analyzes the co-occurrence of these arboviruses in the period from 2017 to 2025, using aggregated data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), at the national level with records from the municipality of Guarulhos, São Paulo. The analysis was carried out in a descriptive retrospective manner of cases reported to SINAN, considering probable dengue cases that meet clinical-epidemiological and/or laboratory criteria. Zika and Chikungunya analyses were conducted through reported cases. National and municipal (Guarulhos) data were stratified by year (2017–2025). In the period from 2017 to 2025, Brazil recorded 12,359,236 dengue cases, with an epidemic peak in 2024 (6,436,074 cases, corresponding to 52.1% of the total). The same pattern was repeated in Guarulhos, with 82,775 cases in the period, of which 68,386 (82.6%) occurred in 2024, following the national trend and suggesting hyperendemicity, possibly related to intense viral dissemination and deficiencies in vector control. For Zika, 233,484 cases were observed in the country, with an 86.5% reduction in Zika cases in 2024 compared to 2016. In Guarulhos, only 155 cases were recorded (0.07% of the national total), possibly reflecting acquired herd immunity. As for Chikungunya, a constant increase was found (1,868,881 cases, with an average annual growth of 18.2% and a peak of 402,947 cases in 2024), a trend proportionally followed by Guarulhos (767 cases), which indicates vector adaptation. The data demonstrate coexistence of arboviruses with distinct profiles. Dengue remains endemic, ZIKV shows decreased levels, and CHIKV is rising. Guarulhos reproduces on a micro-scale the national patterns, emphasizing the need for strategies in health surveillance, vector control, and diagnostic capacity building.
Gouveia et al. (Sun,) studied this question.