Methodological Evaluation of Off-Grid Communities Systems in Senegal Using Multilevel Regression Analysis

Off-grid communities in Senegal rely on various renewable energy systems for electricity generation. These systems often face challenges related to efficiency and yield improvement. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Web of Science. Studies published between and were included if they applied multilevel regression analysis to measure yield improvement in off-grid communities in Senegal. Multilevel regression analysis revealed significant improvements (p < 0. 05) in system efficiency across different levels of community organisation, suggesting the importance of contextual factors in yield measurement. The multilevel regression model provided a nuanced understanding of yield improvement, highlighting the need for considering multiple layers of influence such as infrastructure, community engagement, and policy support. Future studies should aim to incorporate more granular data on system components and operational conditions to enhance the accuracy of yield measurement in off-grid communities. The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.