AbstractLithium batteries have emerged as the primary energy storage solution in electric vehicles (EVs) owing to their superior specific energy, high energy density, extended service life, low self-discharge and strong power capability compared to conventional batteries technologies. However, as the performance, durability and safety of lithium batteries were highly sensitive to operating temperature, thermal regulation has become a critical aspect of EV battery design. Exposure to uneven or extreme temperatures adversely affected the electrochemical behavior, accelerated the degradation processes and posed serious safety risks. High temperatures promoted undesirable side reactions, increased internal resistance and triggered thermal runaway and potentially resulted in short internal circuits, gas release, fire or even explosion. In contrast, operation at low temperatures hampered ionic mobility and charge transfer reactions, which encouraged lithium plating and dendritic growth, led to capacity loss, higher impedance and poor low-temperature performance. The current paper presented a detailed review of the thermal characteristics of lithium batteries under different operating conditions and systematically analysed the thermal management systems (BTMS) of the existing batteries, including air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change materials and hybrid techniques. Each approach was assessed in terms of thermal efficiency, temperature uniformity, system complexity, energy requirements and its effectiveness in enhancing safety for electric vehicles.
Kumar et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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