Assessing Photovoltaic Recycling Capacities and Policy Gaps in the European Union

This research presents the most up‐to‐date and comprehensive analysis of photovoltaic (PV) waste generation and recycling capacities across the EU‐27. By integrating original survey data with public statistics and literature, it quantifies the growing mismatch between installed recycling infrastructure and forecast PV waste flows for 2030 and 2050. Results show that, while current EU recycling capacity is ≈170 000 tonnes per year, projected annual PV waste can exceed 2.2 million tonnes by 2050, creating significant capacity gaps in major markets such as Germany, Italy, Spain, and France. The analysis identifies regulatory fragmentation, technological bottlenecks, and economic constraints as key barriers hindering high‐value recycling and circular material flows. Emerging initiatives like the revision of the waste electrical and electronic equipment, the PV recyclability index, and digital product passports offer pathways for improvement but require harmonized implementation and investment. By comparing European practices with those in China, the United States, and Australia, this article highlights alternative policy models and market approaches. Targeted recommendations are proposed to align regulatory frameworks, stimulate technological innovation, and secure strategic raw materials, ensuring the sustainable expansion of the European solar sector in the terawatt era.