ABSTRACT The distance heterophoria was measured using both the von Graefe and Maddox rod clinic procedures under standard reduced illumination conditions and in total darkness. Tonic vergence was measured in total darkness. The phoria measures were more divergent than tonic vergence, with the von Graefe being the more divergent of the two measures. The difference between the phoria and tonic vergence position is believed to be due to accommodative divergence derived from the decrease of accommodation, relative to the tonic level, required to focus the distance phoria target. Equations were derived to predict tonic vergence from the phoria value.
O'Shea et al. (Sat,) studied this question.