Pavements form a critical component of the transportation infrastructure, providing a safe, smooth, and durable surface for the movement of vehicles ranging from two-wheelers to heavy-duty trucks. The performance of pavements directly influences transportation efficiency, road safety, vehicle operating costs, and the overall comfort of commuters. A well-constructed and maintained pavement ensures smooth traffic flow, reduces wear and tear on vehicles, and minimizes travel time, thereby supporting economic growth and societal mobility. Conversely, poor pavement conditions lead to discomfort, increased maintenance costs, accidents, and higher energy consumption. The deterioration of pavements is a multifaceted problem resulting from both mechanical and environmental stresses. Mechanically, pavements are subjected to repeated traffic loading, which ranges from light two-wheelers to heavy commercial vehicles such as trucks and buses. The intensity, frequency, and axle configuration of these loads significantly influence pavement performance. Over time, heavy loading can cause surface deformations, cracking, rutting, and fatigue failure, particularly in the surface course and base course, which bear the majority of the applied stresses. The surface course may develop rutting, potholes, and micro-cracks, while the base course can suffer from structural weakening and loss of load-bearing capacity if not properly designed and constructed. Environmental factors also play a critical role in pavement deterioration. Rainfall, flooding, and water infiltration can weaken the subgrade, erode materials, and cause pavement settlement or potholing. Seasonal temperature variations lead to expansion and contraction cycles, contributing to thermal cracking, while extreme events such as earthquakes and heavy storms can induce abrupt structural damage. The combined effect of traffic loading and environmental exposure accelerates pavement distress, reducing its service life and increasing the need for maintenance interventions. The interaction between mechanical loading and environmental effects makes pavement design a complex process. Modern pavement engineering emphasizes the use of high-performance materials, proper layered design, and durability-focused construction practices to mitigate the adverse effects of heavy traffic and environmental exposure. Techniques such as improved mix designs, geosynthetics reinforcement, drainage management, and periodic maintenance are essential to prolong pavement life.
Munwar et al. (Thu,) studied this question.