This study analyzed the usage patterns of six major urban parks in Seoul (Olympic Park, Seoul Forest, Children's Grand Park, Bukseoul Dream Forest, Seoseoul Lake Park, and Culture Storage Tank) over a three-year period by categorizing users into domestic visitors, long-term foreign residents, and short-term foreign visitors using mobile data.The analysis revealed that female domestic visitors showed higher usage rates than males, with individuals in their 20s and 30s identified as the primary age group.Among foreign visitors, long-term residents accounted for a higher proportion than short-term visitors; however, Olympic Park was an exception where short-term visitors predominated, demonstrating its characteristics as a tourism/event-specialized park.Temporal patterns showed a high correlation (r = 0.971) between domestic and foreign visitors' hourly usage.The weekend effect for short-term foreign visitors was approximately 10 times greater than that of long-term foreign residents, confirming a concentrated weekend usage pattern by tourists.Seasonally, long-term foreign residents showed peak usage in spring, while short-term foreign visitors peaked in autumn.The event effect was approximately 4 times greater among short-term foreign visitors than among long-term residents, and the impact of precipitation was significant only among long-term residents.Comprehensively, domestic and foreign visitors demonstrated high spatiotemporal pattern synchronization; however, foreign visitors showed significantly more sensitive responses to weather conditions and events.This study provided evidence for user-type-specific customized park management strategies by analyzing park usage
Ko et al. (Sun,) studied this question.