Lysosomal phosphoinositide turnover acts upstream of RagGTPase–mTORC1 and controls muscle growth

Lysosomes act as metabolic signalling hubs that integrate nutrient availability to coordinate anabolic and catabolic programmes. Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is activated at the lysosomal surface by amino acids through RagGTPases recruited by the lysosomal adaptor and MAPK and mTOR activator complex, yet the contribution of lysosomal lipid composition to this pathway remains unclear. Here we identify lysosomal phosphoinositides, PI3P and PI(3,5)P2, as key regulators of lysosomal adaptor and MAPK and mTOR activator complex stability and dynamics at the lysosome. These lipid pools are controlled by the phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase MTM1, mutated in myotubular myopathy, via endoplasmic reticulum-lysosome membrane contact sites. Under endoplasmic reticulum stress, MTM1-dependent phosphoinositide remodelling suppresses RagGTPase-mTORC1 signalling, thereby regulating anabolic-catabolic balance during myogenic differentiation. Restoring mTORC1 activity or lysosomal phosphoinositide homeostasis rescues Rag-dependent signalling and muscle growth in cellular and mouse models of myopathy, uncovering a lysosome-centred metabolic checkpoint with direct disease relevance.