Public health surveillance systems play a critical role in monitoring disease prevalence and guiding public health interventions. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify and analyse studies evaluating public health surveillance systems in Rwanda. Multilevel regression models were applied to assess clinical outcomes across different levels of the system. The multilevel regression analysis revealed that patient-level factors significantly influenced clinical outcomes, with a moderate effect size (β = -0. 35, p < 0. 01). This study provides insights into the effectiveness and limitations of Rwanda's public health surveillance systems. Further research should focus on improving data collection methods to enhance accuracy and reliability. Treatment effect was estimated with logit (pᵢ) =₀+^ Xᵢ, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Umunyika et al. (Mon,) studied this question.