Enhancing Emergency Medical Response Capacities: Insights from Global Disaster Experiences

Introduction: The increase in the frequency, impact, and complexity of disasters, intensified by climate change and geopolitical instability, highlights the urgent need for enhanced medical surge capacities and disaster preparedness. This study analyzes disaster epidemiology and emergency medical team (EMT) deployments to inform region-specific preparedness and investments in medical surge capacity for future health crises. Methods: Secondary data was used to estimate 50-year global and regional disaster trends and patterns. Regional cumulative crude and standardized frequency and impact (2006–2022) were estimated and compared. Additionally, a scoping review of EMT deployments from 2010 to 2023 was conducted. Results: There has been a notable increase in disaster trends, particularly floods, storms, and conflicts. Disparities exist across WHO regions. The African Region experienced the highest frequency, and the Western Pacific Region reported the highest health impacts. However, per 100,000 population, Southern Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, and African regions have significantly higher disaster frequency and health impact, with fragile and conflict-affected countries bearing a disproportionate burden. From 2010 to 2023, EMT responses to over 80 disasters were reported, predominantly in low or middle-income countries. Most deployments reported were triggered by epidemics, meteorological disasters, and earthquakes, which caused the highest health impact. EMTs provided direct clinical care and increased bed capacities, but also supported local facilities through capacity building and technical support. Factors contributing to response effectiveness include EMTs’ flexibility to adapt team configurations and tasking, and the role of national and regional EMTs. Challenges remain in the response to complex emergencies and the lack of data sharing. Conclusion: This analysis highlights the role EMTs play in meeting health needs during diverse disasters. Regional variations in disaster frequency and impact emphasize the need for tailored EMTs, particularly during conflicts. Strengthening local response capacities, improving data collection, and developing flexible strategies for diverse disaster scenarios are essential for effective interventions.