Performance-Based Seismic Loss and Recovery Assessment of Residential Buildings in Bucharest Using FEMA P-58 and SP3: Implications for Seismic Resilience

This study presents a probabilistic assessment of seismic loss and recovery for residential buildings in Bucharest, Romania, using the FEMA P-58 framework implemented in SP3. A typology set is developed to represent the building stock, accounting for structural system, construction period, and height. The analysis evaluates scenario-based losses, functional recovery times, and expected annual loss (EAL) across seismic hazard levels representative of Vrancea earthquakes. Results show that frame-based systems are highly sensitive to building height, with the highest losses and longest recovery times in older mid- and high-rise buildings. For pre-1990 construction, masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames are more representative than bare frames and drive the vulnerability of the older building stock. Reinforced concrete shear wall systems perform better, with lower losses and faster recovery across all categories. Nonstructural damage, especially drift-sensitive components, is a contributor to both repair cost and downtime. The results are interpreted comparatively, highlighting the role of structural system, code era, and height. While absolute values depend on modeling assumptions, the study provides a consistent basis for identifying vulnerable typologies and supporting risk mitigation and resilience planning.