PepLM-GNN: A graph neural network framework leveraging pre-trained language models for peptide-protein binding prediction

Motivation The precise prediction of peptide-protein interaction (PepPI) is a core support for promoting breakthroughs in peptide drug research, as well as understanding the regulatory mechanisms of biomolecules. Researchers have developed several computational methods to predict PepPI. However, existing computational methods also have significant limitations. At the level of data feature characterisation, the problem of PepPI does not conform to the Euclidean axioms, making it difficult for conventional prediction methods to effectively measure the underlying correlations between peptides and proteins. At the level of model generalisation performance, existing approaches are often hampered by insufficient generalisation ability, as manifested by their markedly degraded performance in cold start scenarios involving novel peptides, novel proteins, and novel binding pairs. Results In this study, we propose a computing framework, PepLM-GNN, that integrates a pre-trained language ProtT5 model with a hybrid graph network for accurate identification of PepPI. This model constructs a graph by using ProtT5-extracted semantic context features of peptides and proteins to form heterogeneous nodes, with edges connecting interacting peptide-protein pairs. The hybrid graph network Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) provides the comprehensive information of the peptide and protein sequences, while employing the Graph Isomorphism Network (GIN) to capture the global interactions between them. Specifically, the GCN aggregates both the semantic context information of node sequences and local neighbourhood information, effectively representing non-Euclidean data. To capture the global associations, we adopt a GIN strategy to optimize the cross-node feature interaction and transfer process, thereby enhancing the generalisation performance of addressing the cold start scenario. Compared with the existing advanced methods, PepLM-GNN demonstrated highly accurate performance and robustness in predicting the PepPI. We further demonstrated the capabilities of PepLM-GNN in virtual peptide drug screening, which is expected to facilitate the discovery of peptide drugs and the elucidation of protein functions.