Investment Disputes: A Subject-Based Classification Criterion and International Legal Mechanisms for Their Settlement

The article examines investment disputes with a focus on the parties involved as a key classification criterion, enabling a clearer understanding of the legal nature of such conflicts and the selection of appropriate remedies. It argues that the composition of the disputing parties determines the interplay between domestic and international dispute settlement procedures, the role of state immunity, and the admissibility of specialized mechanisms for dispute resolution. The study traces the evolution of investor protection from diplomatic protection to treaty-based models and institutionalized procedures, and highlights the importance of legal certainty, consistency of adjudication, and procedural safeguards for maintaining confidence in domestic remedies. The article concludes that coherent development of domestic legislation and treaty practice is required when designing jurisdictional models for resolving investment disputes and ensuring a balanced accommodation of state and investor interests.