Data-driven visualization and comparative analysis of positive energy districts (PEDs) for inclusive urban energy transitions

Abstract The increasing heterogeneity among positive energy districts (PEDs) requires systematic methodologies to enable cross-project comparison, knowledge transfer, and data-driven development. However, existing research on PEDs has largely focused on quantitative indicators. The qualitative dimensions, e.g., technical design factors, the engagement of social groups, and broader social acceptance, remain underexplored. To address this gap, this study reports an integrative methodological framework that combines quantitative and qualitative variables through visualization techniques and similarity-based comparisons, complemented by validation from stakeholder interviews. A harmonized dataset from the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action PED-EU-NET repository forms the basis for calculating pairwise similarity scores using Gower Similarity Index (GSI) across multiple PED projects. These scores are visualized as the similarity maps that uncover structural patterns, highlight context-specific drivers, and identify transferable design elements. The results demonstrate that incorporating social and technical variables enriches benchmarking practices and reveals new pathways for replication of PED strategies. By bridging technical performance metrics with socially embedded local dynamics, the study provides a robust foundation for more inclusive, transparent, and evidence-based decision-making. Ultimately, the findings facilitate strategic learning across diverse urban sustainability contexts, supporting the design and deployment of PEDs as a key component of urban energy transitions. Graphical abstract