Islamic thought in the nineteenth century is characterized by a broad Islamic political intellectual revolution produced by many ideas put forward by Islamic thinkers who were distinguished by the depth of their political, social, economic, religious and cultural ideas, which are considered a reflection of what they lived, saw, and were influenced by from the internal environment, which is often represented by their study and definition of the nature and form of the ruling political system. And the social conditions prevailing in Islamic countries.In terms of their influence by the external environment, they were often influenced by their knowledge of the conditions of European societies as a result of their direct and indirect contact through their travel and exposure to the reality of these societies or through their study of the political and social ideas of European thinkers in the nineteenth century.In the research, we used the historical research method through our historical study of (Muhammad Abduh) and the ideas he put forward in the nineteenth century by studying the most prominent works written about him. We also used the political analytical method through our study of the topic of tyranny and the relationship between religion and the state, as well as the topic of political participation.
Al-Ukaili et al. (Sat,) studied this question.