Purpose:This study examines the militarisation of politics and the politicisation of the military in Africa, focusing on their underlying drivers, consequences, and potential reform strategies. It seeks to understand how structural and institutional weaknesses contribute to military involvement in political governance across the continent. Methodology:The research adopts a qualitative case study approach, drawing on contemporary examples from Sudan, Somalia, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Egypt, Nigeria, and Mali. It analyses historical legacies and evolving political dynamics shaping civil-military relations, guided by Realist and Liberal theoretical frameworks. Findings:The study finds that weak political institutions, governance deficits, elite competition, economic interests, and security threats drive military engagement in politics. Militarisation and politicisation are mutually reinforcing, undermining democratic governance, weakening state institutions, and violating human rights. Case evidence shows that in Sudan, rivalry between armed factions led to civil conflict; in Somalia, clan militias influenced federal tensions; and in Zimbabwe and Uganda, the military shaped political succession and economic control. These dynamics create both domestic instability and regional security challenges. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy:The study integrates Realist and Liberal perspectives to explain civil-military interactions, highlighting both security imperatives and institutional constraints. It contributes to policy by emphasising the need for professional, accountable, and apolitical militaries supported by strong institutions, civilian oversight, and regional cooperation frameworks to enhance governance and sustainable development.
Louis et al. (Tue,) studied this question.