This work presents an integrated dynamic model describing subsurface fluid systems through a unified 13-phase framework that combines physics, chemistry, and geology. The model provides a comprehensive explanation of fluid generation, migration, transformation, and accumulation within the Earth’s subsurface. The framework links key processes including pressure-driven flow, capillarity, fluid–rock interaction, geochemical evolution, and geological structure into a continuous and interdependent system. Unlike classical static models, this approach treats subsurface systems as dynamic and evolving, where each phase contributes to the final system behavior. The model is structured as a sequence of 13 interconnected phases, ranging from deep energy generation and fluid migration to reservoir formation and stabilization. Each phase represents a distinct but coupled process, forming a continuous chain rather than isolated events. A central governing parameter, Λ = Pflow / Pc, defines system behavior as the balance between driving pressure and geological resistance. This parameter enables classification of subsurface systems into closed systems (Λ 1), where fluids continue migrating toward the surface; and transitional systems (Λ ≈ 1), where partial trapping and mixed behaviors occur. The model introduces a unified interpretation in which subsurface fluid behavior is governed by the interaction between driving forces (pressure, energy) and resisting forces (capillarity, lithology, structural barriers). This provides a consistent framework for explaining both hydrocarbon reservoirs and hydrothermal systems. By integrating multiphase processes, path-dependent evolution, and feedback mechanisms, this work advances a dynamic, process-based alternative to classical petroleum system models. It offers predictive capability for reservoir formation, variability, and system behavior across different geological environments. This publication serves as the integrative synthesis of the research series: “A Dynamic Multiphase Model for Hydrocarbon and Hydrothermal Systems” It consolidates all 13 phases of the model into a unified theoretical framework and provides the overarching interpretation of the system. This record represents the final synthesis of a 13-phase research framework describing the full lifecycle of subsurface fluid systems, from deep energy generation to accumulation and system stabilization.
Kujtim gjoka Gjoka (Fri,) studied this question.